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Emhlabeni wezomthetho, ukubonisana kwamacala ezinkantolo zomphakathi kusebenza njengomgogodla wokuxazulula imibango phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, noma izinhlaka zomthetho.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzithola ungummangali noma ummangalelwa, ukuqonda izisekelo zamacala omphakathi kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba emikhakheni yezomthetho ngendlela efanele.
Kuyini ukubonisana kwamacala ezinkantolo zomphakathi?
Icala lomphakathi libhekisela ekubangeni kwezomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu afuna isixazululo ngohlelo lwenkantolo yomphakathi.
Ukubonisana kwamacala ezinkantolo zomphakathi kubhekisela ohlelweni lwezomthetho lokuxazulula imibango phakathi kwamaqembu afuna ukunxeshezelwa ngemali, ukwenziwa komsebenzi othile okhethekile, noma amanye amakhambi esikhundleni sezijeziso zobugebengu.
Lawa macala asuka ezindabeni eziningi ezahlukene, kuhlanganise nemibango yezinkontileka, izicelo zokunxeshezelwa kokulimala komuntu siqu, imibango yendawo, izikhalazo zezemisebenzi, nokunye.
Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, lapho umbuso ushushisa khona ummangalelwa, amacala omphakathi afaka amaqembu amabili azimele aphakathi kombango.
ENingizimu Afrika, amacala omphakathi alalelwa futhi aklanywe ngezinkantolo ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni kanye nenani lemali lesicelo sombango.
Ukulandelana kwezinkantolo zamacala omphakathi eNingizimu Afrika kumi kanje:
- Inkantolo yeMantshi (Magistrate’s Court)
- Inkantolo Ephakeme (High Court)
- Inkantolo Ephakeme Yokudlulisa Amacala (Supreme Court of Appeal)
- Inkantolo Yomthetho-sisekelo (Constitutional Court)
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi kukhona nezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezikhona zokubhekana nezinhlobo ezithile zamacala omphakathi, njengeNkantolo Yezabasebenzi (Labour Court), ebhekana nemibango ehlobene nezabasebenzi.
Abadlali ababalulekile emacaleni omphakathi
Emacaleni omphakathi, abadlali abahlukene ababalulekile badlala indima edingekayo ohlelweni lwezomthetho.
Umhlanganyeli ngamunye unikela emacaleni futhi aqinisekise ukuthi icala lilalelwa ngendlela efanele nangenkambiso enobulungiswa.
Abadlali ababalulekile abathintekayo emacaleni omphakathi bahlanganisa okulandelayo:
Ummangali/Umfaki-sicelo (Plaintiff/applicant)
Ummangali/umfaki-sicelo iqembu eliqala izinyathelo zomthetho futhi livulele omunye umuntu, inhlangano, noma inhlangano ethile icala lomthetho.
Bathi balandelekelwa umonakalo, ukulimala, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abo futhi bafuna ikhambi noma isinxephezelo ngokulahlekelwa kwabo.
Ummeli wommangali/omfaki-sicelo unesibopho sokulungiselela nokufaka isikhalazo, esichaza izinsolo ezibhekiswe kummangalelwa kanye nekhambi elifunwayo.
Ummangalelwa/Umphenduli (Defendant/respondent)
Ummangalelwa/umphenduli iqembu elifakelwe icala lomthetho.
Basolwa ngummangali/umfaki-sicelo ngokudala umonakalo, ukwephula inkontileka, noma ukuziphatha okuholele embangweni.
Ummeli wommangalelwa/omphenduli unesibopho sokphendula ezinyathelweni zomthetho ngempendulo, mhlawumbe ngokuvuma noma ngokuphika izinsolo.
Baphinde bazoletha ukuzivikela kanye nezimpikiswano zommangalelwa/omphenduli kulo lonke uhlelo lokubonisana kwecala.
Abameli (Attorneys)
Abameli bangomsebenzi bezomthetho abamele izintshisekelo zamakhasimende abo emacaleni omphakathi.
Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zabameli abathintekayo:
Ummeli womfaki-sicelo/wommangali: Obuye aziwe ngokuthi ummeli noma umeluleki wezomthetho, umelela izintshisekelo zomfakisicelo noma zommangali.
Imisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukulungiselela nokufaka isicelo noma isimangalo, ukwenza uphenyo, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuxoxisana nofakazi, kanye nokwethula udaba lwekhasimende enkantolo. Uvikela amalungelo ekhasimende lakhe futhi ulwela ukuthi lithole isinqumo esivuna lona.
Ummeli womphenduli/wommangalelwa: Umelela izintshisekelo zommangalelwa.
Indima yakhe ihlanganisa ukuphendula isimangalo noma isicelo somfakisicelo noma sommangali, ukwenza uphenyo lwakhe, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuxoxisana nofakazi, kanye nokwethula ukuzivikela kwekhasimende lakhe enkantolo. Uhlose ukuphikisa noma ukuphazamisa ubufakazi bomfakisicelo noma sommangali, futhi avikele ikhasimende lakhe ekuthwaleni isibopho ngokomthetho.
Isikhulu esiphethe (Presiding officer)
Isikhulu esiphethe (esaziwa nangokuthi imantshi noma ijaji) siphethe izinyathelo zamacala omphakathi, siqinisekisa ukuthi isicelo noma ukulinganiswa kwecala kwenziwa ngendlela efanele nangokuvumelana nomthetho.
Banegunya... Banegunya lokunquma ngokomthetho, ukuchaza umthetho, nokunquma ngezindaba zenqubo.
Phakarhi necala, isikhulu esiphethe sixazulula imibango phakathi kwamaqembu futhi sinqume ngokwamukeleka kobufakazi.
Izigaba zamacala omphakathi
Ukuqonda izigaba zamacala omphakathi kungaletha ukuqonda okubalulekile ohlelweni lwezomthetho, kusize ekuchazeni uhlelo lwenkantolo futhi kwenze uhambo lulawuleke kalula.
Nanka izigaba eziyinhloko zamacala omphakathi ngokuningiliziwe:
Uphenyo lokuqala
Ngaphambi kokubeka izinyathelo zomthetho, kubalulekile ukwenza uphenyo oluphelele ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ingabe kukhona yini isisekelo esizwakalayo sesicelo sombango.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, amaqembu kanye nabameli babo baqoqa wonke amaqiniso afanele, amadokhumenti, kanye nezitatimende zofakazi ezihlobene necala.
Bangase futhi babonisane nochwepheshe ukusiza ukuhlola umonakalo ongaba khona kanye nokufaneleka kwezomthetho kwecala.
Izikhalazo nezimpendulo (Pleadings)
Silesi sigaba esiqala ngokusemthethweni icala lomthetho. Ummeli wommangali/omfaki-sicelo ukhipha isicelo noma isamanisi enkantolo efanele.
Isikhalazo sichaza izicelo zamaqembu ezibhekiswe ohlangothini oluphikisayo kanye nomonakalo noma ikhambi elifunwayo.
Lapho isikhalazo sesidluliselwe ohlangothini oluphikisayo, banesikhathi esithile esishiwo sokuphendula, ngokuvamile 'ngempendulo'.
Impendulo iyavuma noma iyaphika izinsolo ezenziwe esikhalazweni futhi ingase ihlanganise nezinye izinsolo ezibhekiswe kummangali.
Ukudalulelana kobufakazi (Discovery)
Kungenzeka ukuthi lesi ngesinye sezigaba ezibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu emacaleni omphakathi, inqubo yokudalelana kobufakazi ivumela womabili amaqembu ukuba athole ubufakazi komunye nomunye ukuze alungiselele ukulinganiswa kwecala (trial).
Izindlela zokudalelana kobufakazi zihlanganisa izicelo zokunikeza amadokhumenti noma ukuhlolwa kwazo. Umgomo uwukukhuthaza ukwenza izinto obala, ukuvimbela ukumangala enkantolo, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuxazulula icala ngokucacisa amandla nobuthathaka becala lahlobo ngalunye.
Imikhuleko/Imihlangano ngaphambi kwecala (Pre-trial meetings)
Lokhu kubonisana kwezomthetho okwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukulinganiswa kwecala futhi kuhloswe ngakho ukuxazulula izindaba ezithile zomthetho, kanye namaphuzu amancane asembangweni (points in limine).
Ukulinganiswa kwecala (Trial)
Uma isixazululo singafinyelelwanga, icala liya phambili ekulinganisweni kwecala.
Womabili amaqembu ethula izimpikiswano zawo, abize futhi bafake imibuzo elukhuni kofakazi (cross-examine), futhi bafake ubufakazi.
ENingizimu Afrika, ijaji lilalela amaqiniso bese linquma ngomphumela.
Isinqumo sejaji (Verdict and judgment)
Ngemva kokucabangela wonke ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezethulwe phakathi necala, ijaji likhipha isinqumo.
Isinqumo simemezela ukuthi ingabe ummangalelwa unecala yini futhi sinqume isinxephezelo noma umonakalo okufanele ukhokhwe.
Ijaji libe selifaka isinqumo somthetho esisekelwe kuleso sinqumo semiphumela.
Ukudlulisa amacala (Appeals)
Uma iqembu linganelisekile ngomphumela futhi likholelwa ukuthi kukhona iphutha lomthetho elenzekile phakathi necala noma isinqumo, lingadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme.
Inkantolo yokudlulisa amacala ibuyekeza icala mayelana namaphutha omthetho futhi ingase iqinisekise, ihlehlise, noma iguqule isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
Isivumelwano sokuxazulula vs Ukulinganiswa kwecala (Settlement vs trial)
Nakuba amacala amaningi omphakathi exazululwa ngezivumelwano zokuxazulula, lapho amaqembu efinyelela esivumelwaneni ngaphandle kwenkantolo, amanye amacala aya phambili ekulinganisweni kwecala.
Izivumelwano zokuxazulula zinikeza isixazululo esisheshayo, ukonga izindleko, futhi zivumela amaqembu ukuba agcine ukulawula okuthile ngomphumela.
Nokho, ukulinganiswa kwecala kungaba njengento edingekayo lapho amaqembu engakwazi ukuvumelana ngezindaba ezibalulekile noma lapho elinye iqembu lingazimisele ukuxoxisana ngendlela eyisisekelo nefanele.
Isiphetho
Ukibonisana kwamacala ezinkantolo zomphakathi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwezomthetho, enikeza indlela yokuba abantu nezinhlangano bafune isixazululo semibango yabo.
Ukuqonda lolu hlelo kanye nabadlali ababalulekile abathintekayo kungnika abantu amandla okwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi nokuhamba emikhakheni yezomthetho ngendlela efanele.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana namacala omphakathi, bhalisa ku-gawieleroux.co.za
Ibhalwe okokuqala ngu-George Seruwagi futhi yanyatheliswa ngomhlaka-12 Septhemba 2023.
Igcine ukubuyekezwa ngomhlaka-14 Meyi 2026.